Components of blood:
Also,
Albumin: really useful when treating anyone who's been severely shocked or burned, or anyone who's lost large amounts of blood.
Non-specific immunoglobulins: contain the antibodies to treat deficiencies of immunoglobulin, the kinds associated with certain diseases or inherited conditions. This helps in preventing any unpleasantness like hepatitis A, and is made from the plasma from normal donors, many of whom already have antibodies to hepatitis A.
Specific immunoglobulins contain specially selected antibodies, chosen to treat a specific infection. For example, donors who have had chicken pox will have high levels of chicken pox antibodies. So their plasma will be ideal for children with leukaemia who have been exposed to chicken pox, and also to prevent any potentially life-threatening diseases.
Anti-D immunoglobulin which is given to pregnant women: If a Rh negative woman is pregnant with a Rh positive baby, some of junior's blood may enter her system during birth. Her blood may then start producing anti-D (or anti-Rh) antibodies. And if her next baby happens to be Rh positive, then her blood will go on the attack. This can be neutralised by giving her an anti-D immunoglobulin injection straight after the birth of her first baby.
Blood Transfusion:
A blood transfusion is the transfer of blood or blood products from one person (donor) into another person's bloodstream (recipient).
Autologous Blood (using your own blood):
Pre-operative donation - donating your own blood before surgery; for non-emergency (elective) surgery.
Intra-Operative Autologous Transfusion - recycling your blood during surgery. Blood lost during surgery is filtered, and put back into your body during surgery; for emergency and elective surgeries.
Post-Operative Autologous Transfusion - recycling your blood after surgery. Blood lost after surgery is collected, filtered and returned to your body; for emergency and elective surgeries.
Hemodilution - donating your own blood during surgery. Immediately before surgery, some of your blood is taken and replaced with IV fluids. After surgery, your blood is filtered and returned to you; for for elective surgeries.
Apheresis - donating your own platelets and plasma. Before surgery, your platelets and plasma, which help stop bleeding, are withdrawn, filtered and returned to you when you need it later; for elective surgeries.
Homologous/Donor Blood (Using someone else's blood):
All donor blood is tested for safety making its risks very small, but no screening program is perfect and risks, such as contraction of the hepatitis virus, still exist.
Volunteer blood - blood collected from the community blood supply (blood banks).
Designated donor blood - blood is collected from the donors you select. You can select people with your own blood type who you feel are safe donors.
Cross-matched blood - Before the blood is administered, the personal details of the patient are matched with the blood to be transfused, to minimize risk of transfusion reactions.
Uncross-matched blood - If there is no time, the blood is called uncross-matched blood; it is O-positive or O-negative. O-negative is usually used for children and women of childbearing age.
Blood can only be administered intravenously. A unit (1 pint; abt. 500 ml) of blood is typically administered over 4 hours. On average an adult has approximately seven to nine units of blood. Acetaminophen and/or an antihistamine such as diphenhydramine are sometimes given before the transfusion to prevent a transfusion reaction.
| Examples Of Blood Use | Average # Of Units Required |
|---|---|
| Automobile Accident | 50 units of blood |
| Heart Surgery | 6 units of blood 6 units of platelets |
| Organ Transplant | 40 units of blood 30 units of platelets 20 bags of cryoprecipitate 25 units of fresh frozen plasma |
| Bone Marrow Transplant | 120 units of platelets 20 units of blood |
| Burn | 20 units of platelets |
Intravenous drip: continuous infusion of fluids, with or without medications, through an IV access device. This may be to correct dehydration or an electrolyte imbalance, to deliver medications, or for blood transfusion. There are two types:
Crystalloids are aqueous solutions of mineral salts or other water-soluble molecules.
Colloids contain larger insoluble molecules, such as gelatin; blood itself is a colloid.
The most commonly used crystalloid fluid is normal saline, a solution of sodium chloride at 0.9% concentration, which is close to the concentration in the blood (isotonic). The sodium concentration of isotonic saline is equivalent to the normal sodium concentration of plasma water.
Saline is indicated to repair an inadequately filled intravascular volume or to replace ongoing or anticipated losses of sodium-containing fluid from the vascular space. Saline stays in the extracellular space (about 20% of body weight) and it therefore effectively expands intravascular volume. Normal saline is typically the first fluid used when dehydration is severe enough to threaten the adequacy of blood circulation and is the safest fluid to give quickly in large volumes.
Planning of saline therapy should be based on the desired amount of volume expansion—a percentage of the normal ECF volume, monitored by measuring body weight—and saline prescriptions should include the total amount of fluid to give, not just the rate of infusion.
Other solutions that are used:
Ringer's lactate or Ringer's acetate (ASERING, patented brandname of Otsuka
A solution of 5% dextrose in water, sometimes called D5W, is often used instead if the patient is at risk for having low blood sugar or high sodium.
The choice of fluids may also depend on the chemical properties of the medications being given.
Sources:
http://qjmed.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/96/8/549
http://www.answers.com/topic/saline-solution-
http://www.bloodtransfusion.com/facts.asp
http://www.blood.co.uk
http://www.answers.com/blood%20transfusion?ff=1
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